Glazing having switchable optical properties

ABSTRACT

A glazing having switchable optical properties is described, including a transparent substrate having an outer surface and an inner surface, a reflection layer on the outer surface and/or on the inner surface and a switchable functional element arranged on the interior side with respect to the reflection layer. The reflection layer contains a material having a refractive index nR of 1.6 to 2.5. The product of the refractive index nR and the thickness d of the reflection layer is from 250 nm to 960 nm.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application is a continuation of U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 14/437,480, filed Apr. 21, 2015, which is the US national stageof International Patent Application PCT/EP2013/070870 filed on Oct. 8,2013, which in turn claims priority to European Patent Application No.12191780.1 filed Nov. 8, 2012, the contents of all of which areincorporated by reference in their entireties.

The invention relates to a glazing having switchable optical properties,a method for its production, and its use.

Glazings are known, which include a functional layer by means of whichthe optical properties of the glazing can be altered. Electrochromicglazings that include an electrochemically active layer between twotransparent flat electrodes are an example of this. The transmittanceproperties of the active layer can be electrically switched by thevoltage applied to the flat electrodes. Electrochromic glazings areknown, for example, from US 20120026573 A1 and WO 2012007334 A1.

Glazings having switchable optical properties can be used, for example,as windowpanes of buildings. However, the switching state of suchglazings affects the color appearance of the light reflected into theexternal environment. If a plurality of switchable windowpanes are indifferent switching states, this results in a nonuniform and,consequently, not very aesthetic appearance of the building.

A coating, by means of which a uniform appearance of a glazing isensured, is known from EP 0645352 B1. The coating, whose primary purposeis the reflection of thermal radiation, consists of a structure ofdifferent individual layers, as a result of which time-consuming andcost-intensive production methods are essential. An electricallyswitchable glazing having an anti-reflection coating, by means of whichthe color appearance of the glazing can be adapted is known from U.S.Pat. No. 6,746,775 B1. Such an antireflection coating can, however,depending on the observation angle, result in different colorappearances, which is frequently undesirable for aesthetic reasons.

The object of the present invention is to provide an improved glazinghaving switchable optical properties. The glazing should be simple andeconomical to produce and have a color appearance of the light reflectedinto the external environment independent of the switching state and theobservation angle.

The object of the present invention is accomplished according to theinvention by a glazing having switchable optical properties inaccordance with independent claim 1. Preferred embodiments emerge fromthe subclaims.

The glazing according to the invention having switchable opticalproperties comprises at least the following characteristics:

-   -   a transparent substrate having an outer surface and an inner        surface,    -   a reflection layer on the outer surface and/or on the inner        surface of the substrate, and    -   a switchable functional element arranged on the interior side        relative to the reflection layer, wherein the reflection layer        contains a material having a refractive index n_(R) from 1.6 to        2.55 and wherein the product of the refractive index n_(R) and        the thickness d of the reflection layer is from 250 nm to 960        nm.

In the context of the invention, the reflection layer is a single andhomogeneous layer. The reflection layer is, in particular, not a layerstructure of a plurality of individual layers.

The glazing according to the invention is intended, in an opening, forexample, of a motor vehicle or of a building, to separate the interiorfrom the external environment. In the context of the invention, “outersurface” refers to that surface of the substrate, which, in theinstalled position of the glazing, faces the external environment. Inthe context of the invention, “inner surface” refers to that surface ofthe substrate, which, in the installed position of the glazing, facesthe interior.

The values indicated for the refractive index n_(R) are measured at awavelength of 550 nm.

When an element contains at least one material, this includes, in thecontext of the invention, the case in which the element is made of thematerial.

In the context of the invention, the term “a glazing having switchableoptical properties” refers not only to a glazing whose opticalproperties, for example, the transmittance of visible light, can beswitched between two discrete states, for example, an opaque and atransparent state. It also includes those glazings whose opticalproperties are continuously adjustable.

According to the invention, the switchable functional element isarranged on the interior side of the reflection layer. This means thatthe functional element is a shorter distance from the interior than thereflection layer. Light passing through the glazing from the externalenvironment thus first strikes the reflection coating and then thefunctional element. The color appearance of the light reflected towardthe external environment, also referred to in the context of theinvention as “external reflection color”, can be governed by thereflection layer according to the invention. The external reflectioncolor can be selectively adjusted by the refractive index n_(R) and thethickness d. The reflection layer results in the fact that the switchingstate of the functional element cannot be discerned from the outside. Abuilding façade with a plurality of glazings according to the inventionthus always has a uniform appearance independently of the switchingstate of the individual glazings. The external reflection color is, inaddition, independent of the angle of observation such that theappearance does not change, for example, for an observer passing by thebuilding. The reflection layer comprises, moreover, only a single layer,as a result of which the glazing can be produced simply andeconomically. These are major advantages of the invention.

Even a plurality of switchable functional elements can be arranged onthe interior side of the reflection coating. Of course, the glazing canalso have more than one reflection layer according to the invention,wherein the functional element must be arranged on the interior side ofat least one reflection layer.

The refractive index n_(R) of the material of the reflection layer is,according to the invention, from 1.6 to 2.55. The refractive index ispreferably from 1.9 to 2.3. Particularly good results are obtained withthis.

The reflection layer can be porous. The refractive index of the materialof the reflection layer can be advantageously affected by a suitablyselected porosity.

The reflection layer can be applied full surface on the surface of thesubstrate. This is particularly advantageous with regard to a uniformexternal reflection color. The substrate can, however, for example, alsohave a coating-free edge region, in particular, if this coating-freeedge region is concealed in the installed position, for example, byframes or fastening elements.

The reflection layer preferably contains at least silicon nitride, tinoxide, silicon oxynitride, zinc oxide, zirconium oxide, aluminumnitride, indium tin oxide, tin zinc oxide, titanium zinc oxide, and/ortitanium silicon oxide. The reflection layer particularly preferablycontains silicon nitride. This is particularly advantageous with regardto the stability and the application of the reflection layer and theregulation of the external reflection color.

In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the light reflected into theexternal environment has a green color appearance. A green colorappearance is obtained when the product of the refractive index n_(R)and the thickness d of the reflection layer is from 365 nm to 400 nm,preferably from 375 nm to 390 nm, in particular roughly 385 nm. A greencolor appearance is alternatively obtained when the product of therefractive index n_(R) and the thickness d of the reflection layer isfrom 730 nm to 800 nm, preferably from 750 nm to 780 nm, in particularroughly 770 nm.

In an alternative preferred embodiment of the invention, the lightreflected into the external environment has a golden color appearance. Agolden color appearance is obtained when the product of the refractiveindex n_(R) and the thickness d of the reflection layer is from 435 nmto 480 nm, preferably from 440 nm to 475 nm, in particular roughly 450nm. A golden color appearance is alternatively obtained when the productof the refractive index n_(R) and the thickness d of the reflectionlayer is from 870 nm to 960 nm, preferably from 880 nm to 950 nm, inparticular roughly 900 nm.

In an alternative preferred embodiment of the invention, the lightreflected into the external environment has a blue color appearance. Ablue color appearance is obtained when the product of the refractiveindex n_(R) and the thickness d of the reflection layer is from 305 nmto 365 nm, preferably from 320 nm to 345 nm, in particular roughly 330nm. A blue color appearance is alternatively obtained when the productof the refractive index n_(R) and the thickness d of the reflectionlayer is from 610 nm to 730 nm, preferably from 640 nm to 690 nm, inparticular roughly 660 nm.

In an alternative preferred embodiment of the invention, the lightreflected into the external environment has a violet color appearance. Aviolet color appearance is obtained when the product of the refractiveindex n_(R) and the thickness d of the reflection layer is from 250 nmto 300 nm, preferably from 270 nm to 285 nm, in particular roughly 280nm. A violet color appearance is alternatively obtained when the productof the refractive index n_(R) and the thickness d of the reflectionlayer from is 500 nm to 600 nm, preferably from 540 nm to 570 nm, inparticular roughly 560 nm.

The reflection layer is preferably applied directly on a surface of thesubstrate. Preferably, no other layers, other than the reflection layer,are applied on substrate above or below the reflection layer. This isparticularly advantageous with regard to simple and economicalproduction of the glazing. However, alternatively, at least one otherlayer can also be arranged between the substrate and the reflectionlayer, for example, an adhesion-promoting layer or a barrier layer. Atleast one other layer can also be arranged on the surface of thereflection layer facing away from the substrate, for example, aprotection layer against damage to the reflection layer.

The functional element comprises at least one functional layer which hasthe switchable optical properties. If the functional layer iselectrically switchable, the functional layer is typically arrangedbetween a first and a second transparent flat electrode. The flatelectrodes and the functional layer are typically arranged parallel tothe surface of the substrate. The flat electrodes are electricallyconnected to an external voltage source.

In one embodiment of the invention, the functional layer of thefunctional element is an electrochemically active layer. Such functionalelements are known as electrochromic functional elements. Thetransmittance of visible light depends on the storage level of ions inthe functional layer, with the ions being provided, for example, by anion storage layer between a functional layer and a flat electrode. Thetransmittance can be governed by the voltage applied to the flatelectrodes, which triggers a migration of the ions. Suitable functionallayers contain, for example, at least tungsten oxide or vanadium oxide.Electrochromic functional elements are known, for example, from WO2012007334 A1, US 20120026573 A1, WO 2010147494 A1, and EP 1862849 A1.

In one embodiment of the invention, the functional layer of thefunctional element contains liquid crystals, which are, for example,incorporated into a polymeric matrix. Such functional elements are knownas PDLC functional elements (polymer dispersed liquid crystal). When novoltage is applied to the flat electrodes, the liquid crystals areoriented in a disorderly fashion, which results in strong scattering ofthe light passing through the functional layer. When a voltage isapplied to the flat electrodes, the liquid crystals align themselves ina common direction and the transmittance of light through the functionallayer is increased. Such a functional element is known, for example,from DE 102008026339 A1.

In one embodiment of the invention, the functional layer of thefunctional element contains suspended particles, with the absorption oflight by the functional layer variable through the application of avoltage to the flat electrodes. Such functional elements are known asSPD functional elements (suspended particle device), for example, fromWO 2011033313 A1.

However, the invention is not limited to electrically switchablefunctional elements. In one embodiment of the invention, the functionalelement is thermally switchable. Such functional elements include atleast one functional layer, which contains a thermochromic material, forexample, vanadium oxide. The thermochromic material can, for example, beapplied on a pane or even, for example, incorporated into a polymericlayer. Due to changes in the crystalline structure, when a transitiontemperature is exceeded, thermochromic materials transition from theelectrically insulating state to an electrically conducting state andchange their optical properties, for example, reflectance with regard toinfrared radiation and/or their color. Thermochromic functional elementsare known, for example, from US 2005147825 A1 and U.S. Pat. No.6,084,702A.

The functional element according to the invention can also be switchablewith regard to optical properties based on other principles known perse. The functional element can, for example, also be a gasochromic, aphotochromic, a photoelectrochromic, or a thermotropic functionalelement.

Common to the design of the functional element is the fact that theswitching state can be discerned by an observer in the externalenvironment based on the color of the external reflection. This effect,undesirable for the most part, is advantageously prevented by thereflection layer according to the invention.

The switchable functional element can, of course, have, besides thefunctional layer (and in the case of an electrically switchablefunctional layer, the flat electrodes), other layers known per se, forexample, barrier layers, blocker layers, antireflection layers,protective layers, and/or smoothing layers.

According to the invention, the reflection layer is applied on a surfaceof the substrate, whereas the functional element is arranged inside theglazing according to the invention on the interior side of thereflection layer. In one embodiment of the invention, the reflectionlayer is arranged on the outer surface of the substrate; and thefunctional element is arranged on the inner surface of the substrate.The substrate can be part of a pane arrangement. The substrate can bebonded, for example, via the inner surface or via the outer surface toat least one other pane by means of a thermoplastic intermediate layerto form a composite pane. The substrate also be bonded, for example, viathe inner surface or the outer surface to at least one other pane bymeans of at least one spacer to form an insulating glazing unit. Ofcourse, the substrate can also be part of a pane arrangement composed ofmore than two individual panes.

In another embodiment of the invention, the substrate is bonded via itsinner surface by means of at least one thermoplastic intermediate layerto a transparent cover pane. In that case, in the installed position ofthe glazing, the substrate faces the external environment, whereas thecover pane faces the interior. The cover pane has an outer surface andan inner surface, with the outer surface facing the substrate and withthe inner surface facing the interior. The reflection coating isarranged on the inner surface or on the outer surface of the substrate.The functional element is arranged on the inner surface or the outersurface of the cover pane. The functional element is, alternatively,arranged in the thermoplastic intermediate layer, for example, between afirst and a second thermoplastic film. The composite pane comprising thesubstrate, the thermoplastic intermediate layer, and the cover pane, canalso be bonded to at least one other pane via the outer surface of thesubstrate and/or via the inner surface of the cover pane, for example,via at least one other thermoplastic intermediate layer and/or spacer.

In another embodiment of the invention, the substrate is bonded via itsinner surface by means of at least one spacer to a transparent coverpane to form an insulating glazing unit. In this case, in the installedposition of the glazing, the substrate faces the external environment,whereas the cover pane faces the interior. The cover pane has an outersurface and an inner surface, with the outer surface facing thesubstrate and with the inner surface facing the interior. The reflectioncoating is arranged on the inner surface or on the outer surface of thesubstrate. The functional element is arranged on the inner surface or onthe outer surface of the cover pane. The substrate and/or the cover paneinside the insulating glazing unit can also be part of a composite pane.At least one other pane can also be bonded via spacers to the outersurface of the substrate and/or the surface of the cover pane.

The functional element can also be arranged on a surface of a coverpane, with at least one other pane arranged between the substrate andthe cover pane. The other pane can be bonded to the substrate via athermoplastic intermediate layer or at least one spacer and to the coverpane via an intermediate layer or at least one spacer.

In another embodiment of the invention, the substrate is bonded via itsinner surface to a transparent cover pane. In this case, in theinstalled position of the glazing, the substrate faces the externalenvironment, whereas the cover pane faces the interior. The cover panehas an outer surface and an inner surface, with the outer surface facingthe substrate and with the inner surface facing the interior. Thereflection coating is arranged on the inner surface or on the outersurface of the substrate. The functional element is arranged on theinner surface of the substrate (optionally, via the reflection coating)and on the outer surface of the cover pane such that the substrate andthe cover pane are bonded to each other via the functional element.

The substrate preferably contains non-prestressed, partiallyprestressed, or prestressed glass, particularly preferably flat glass,float glass, quartz glass, borosilicate glass, soda lime glass, or clearplastics, preferably rigid clear plastics, in particular polyethylene,polypropylene, polycarbonate, polymethyl methacrylate, polystyrene,polyamide, polyester, polyvinyl chloride, and/or mixtures thereof.

In an advantageous embodiment, the substrate has a refractive index from1.45 to 1.55. The substrate particularly preferably contains soda limeglass. The refractive index of soda lime glass is roughly 1.52.

If the glazing includes a cover pane according to the invention and/orat least one other pane, the cover pane and/or the other pane preferablycontains non-prestressed, partially prestressed, or prestressed glass,particularly preferably flat glass, float glass, quartz glass,borosilicate glass, soda lime glass or clear plastics, preferably rigidclear plastics, in particular polyethylene, polypropylene,polycarbonate, polymethyl methacrylate, polystyrene, polyamide,polyester, polyvinyl chloride, and/or mixtures thereof.

The thickness of the substrate and, optionally, of the cover pane canvary widely and thus be adapted to the requirements in the individualcase. The substrate and, optionally, the cover pane preferably havethicknesses from 20 μm to 10 mm, for example, from 0.5 mm to 10 mm. Thesubstrate and/or the cover pane can, however, even have very lowthicknesses, for example, from 20 μm to 100 μm. The surface area of theglazing according to the invention can vary widely, for example, from100 cm² to 20 m². Preferably, the glazing has a surface area from 400cm² to 6 m², as is customary for glazings of motor vehicles and ofstructural and architectural glazings.

The substrate and, optionally, the cover pane and/or other pane can haveany three-dimensional shape. The substrate and, optionally, the coverpane and/or other panes are preferably flat or slightly or greatlycurved in one or a plurality of spatial directions.

If the glazing according to the invention includes a thermoplasticintermediate layer, via which, for example, the substrate is bonded to acover pane, the thermoplastic intermediate layer preferably includesthermoplastic plastics, such as polyvinyl butyral (PVB) and/or ethylenevinyl acetate (EVA). The intermediate layer can also containpolyurethane (PU), polypropylene (PP), polyacrylate, polyethylene (PE),polycarbonate (PC), polymethyl methacrylate, polyvinyl chloride,polyacetate resin, casting resins, acrylates, fluorinated ethylenepropylenes, polyvinyl fluoride, ethylene tetrafluoroethylene,copolymers, and/or mixtures thereof. The thermoplastic intermediatelayer can be formed by one or a plurality of thermoplastic films, withthe thickness of a film being preferably from 0.3 mm to 3 mm.

The substrate, optionally, the cover pane, and, optionally, the otherpanes of the glazing can have suitable coatings, known per se, forexample, antireflection coatings, nonstick coatings, scratch resistantcoatings, photocatalytic coatings, or thermal radiation reflectingcoatings (low-E coatings).

The object of the invention is further accomplished by a method forproducing a glazing according to the invention having switchable opticalproperties, wherein at least

-   -   a reflection layer is applied on the outer surface or on the        inner surface of a transparent substrate,    -   a functional element is applied on the outer surface or on the        inner surface of a transparent cover pane or is incorporated        into a thermoplastic intermediate layer, and    -   the substrate is bonded to the cover pane via the thermoplastic        intermediate layer under the action of heat, vacuum, and/or        pressure.

The application of the reflection layer on the substrate can be donebefore, after, or simultaneously with the application of the functionalelement on the cover pane or the incorporation of the functional elementinto the intermediate layer. The substrate and the cover pane arearranged at the time of bonding such that the inner surface of thesubstrate and the outer surface of the cover pane face each other. Thebonding of the substrate to the cover pane is preferably done after theapplication or incorporation of the reflection layer and the functionalelement. If the reflection layer and/or the functional element areapplied on surfaces that are still accessible after the bonding of thesubstrate and the cover pane, such as, for example, the outer surface ofthe substrate or the inner surface of the cover pane, the application ofthe reflection layer and/or of the functional element can also be doneafter the bonding of the substrate and the cover pane.

If the functional element is an electrically switchable functionalelement, the electrical contacting of the flat electrodes is preferablydone before the bonding of the substrate and the cover pane.

The incorporation of the functional element into the thermoplasticintermediate layer preferably includes the incorporation of thefunctional element between at least one first and at least one secondthermoplastic film.

The bonding of the substrate and the cover pane is done by methods knownper se, for example, by autoclaving methods, vacuum bag methods, vacuumring methods, calendering methods, vacuum laminators, or by combinationsthereof.

The object of the invention is further accomplished by a method forproducing a glazing according to the invention having switchable opticalproperties, wherein at least

-   -   a reflection layer is applied on the outer surface or on the        inner surface of a transparent substrate,    -   a functional element is applied on the outer surface or on the        inner surface of a transparent cover pane, and    -   the substrate is bonded to the cover pane via at least one        spacer.

The application of the reflection layer on the substrate can be donebefore, after, or simultaneously with the application of the functionalelement on the cover pane. The substrate and the cover pane are arrangedat the time of bonding such that the inner surface of the substrate andthe outer surface of the cover pane face each other. The bonding of thesubstrate to the cover pane is preferably done after the application orincorporation of the reflection layer and the functional element. If thereflection layer and/or the functional element are to be applied onsurfaces that are still accessible after the bonding of the substrateand the cover pane, such as, for example, the outer surface of thesubstrate or the inner surface of the cover pane, the application of thereflection layer and/or of the functional element can, of course, alsobe done after the bonding of the substrate and the cover pane.

If the functional element is an electrically switchable functionalelement, the electrical contacting of the flat electrodes is preferablydone before the bonding of the substrate and the cover pane.

The object of the invention is further accomplished by a method forproducing a glazing according to the invention having switchable opticalproperties, wherein at least

-   -   a reflection layer is applied on the outer surface of a        transparent substrate and    -   a functional element is applied on the inner surface of the        substrate.

The application of the reflection layer on the substrate can be donebefore, after, or simultaneously with the application of the functionalelement on the substrate.

The substrate is bonded, after the application of the reflection layerand of the functional element, preferably to at least one other pane toform an insulating glazing unit and/or composite pane.

The reflection layer in the method according to the invention isdeposited by methods known per se, preferably by magnetically-enhancedcathodic sputtering. This is particularly advantageous with regard tosimple, fast, economical, and uniform coating of the substrate. Thecathodic sputtering is done in a protective gas atmosphere, for example,of argon, or in a reactive gas atmosphere, for example, by addition ofoxygen or nitrogen.

The reflection layer can, however, also be applied by other methodsknown to the person skilled in the art, for example, by vapor depositionor chemical vapor deposition (CVD), by plasma-enhanced chemical vapordeposition (PECVD), or by wet chemical methods.

The glazing according to the invention is preferably used in buildings,particularly preferably as façade glazing or in means of transport fortraffic on land, in the air, or on water.

The invention moreover includes the use of a reflection layer accordingto the invention in a glazing according to the invention to regulate theexternal reflection color.

The invention is explained in detail with reference to drawings andexemplary embodiments. The drawings are schematic representations andare not true to scale. The drawings in no way restrict the invention.They depict:

FIG. 1 a cross-section through a first embodiment of the glazingaccording to the invention having switchable optical properties,

FIG. 2 a cross-section through another embodiment of the glazingaccording to the invention,

FIG. 3 a cross-section through another embodiment of the glazingaccording to the invention,

FIG. 4 a cross-section through another embodiment of the glazingaccording to the invention,

FIG. 5 a cross-section through another embodiment of the glazingaccording to the invention,

FIG. 6 a cross-section through another embodiment of the glazingaccording to the invention,

FIG. 7 an exemplary embodiment of the method according to the inventionwith reference to a flowchart, and

FIG. 8 another exemplary embodiment of the method according to theinvention with reference to a flowchart.

FIG. 1 depicts a cross-section through an embodiment of the glazingaccording to the invention having switchable optical properties. Theglazing comprises a substrate 1 that is bonded via its inner surface(II) to the outer surface (III) of a cover pane 4 by means of athermoplastic intermediate layer 5 to form a composite pane. The glazingmoreover comprises another pane 6 that is bonded via a spacer 7 to theinner surface (IV) of the cover pane 4 to form an insulating glazingunit. The glazing is provided as the glazing of a building façade and isarranged, in the installed position, such that the outer surface (I) ofthe substrate 1 faces the external environment, and the other pane 6faces the interior. The substrate 1, the cover pane 4, and the otherpane 6 are made of soda lime glass and have thicknesses of 6 mm. Thethermoplastic intermediate layer 5 made of polyvinyl butyral (PVB) has athickness of 0.76 mm. The distance between the cover pane 4 and theother pane 6 defined by the circumferential spacers 7 is 12 mm.

A reflection layer 2 made of silicon nitride with a thickness d of 190nm is arranged on the inner surface (II) of the substrate 1. Therefractive index n_(R) of the silicon nitride is 2.02. The product ofthe refractive index n_(R) and the thickness d of the reflection layer 2is roughly 384 nm. In this embodiment, a green color of the lightreflected into the external environment is obtained by means of thereflection layer 2.

A functional element 3 is arranged on the outer surface (III) of thecover pane 4. The functional element 3 has, in the installed position ofthe glazing, a shorter distance to the interior than the reflectionlayer 2. In the context of the invention, the functional element 3 is,consequently, arranged on the interior side of the reflection layer 2.The functional element 3 is an electrically switchable, electrochromicfunctional element. The region around the functional element 3identified by the circle is shown enlarged on the right. The functionalelement 3 includes, in the exemplary embodiment, with increasingdistance from the cover pane 4, a first flat electrode 9 made offluoride-doped tin oxide, an electrochromic functional layer 11 made oflithium-doped tungsten oxide, an electrolytic layer 14 made of Ta₂O₅, anion storage layer 13 made of lithium-doped CeO₂, and a second flatelectrode 10 made of indium tin oxide (ITO). The first flat electrode 9and the second flat electrode 10 are connected via conductors (notshown) to an external power supply. The transmittance of visible lightthrough the functional layer 11 depends on the storage level of lithiumions and can be switched by the voltage applied to the flat electrodes9, 10, because, depending on the voltage applied, lithium ions canmigrate between the functional layer 11 and the ion storage layer 13through the electrolytic layer 14.

Without the reflection layer 2, the switching state of the functionalelement 3 would be discernible for an observer in the externalenvironment from the color of the reflected light. In the case of aplurality of glazings each with a functional element 3 on a buildingfaçade, this can result in a nonuniform and, consequently, not veryaesthetic color appearance of the façade, when the individual functionalelements 3 have different switching states. By means of the reflectioncoating 2, a uniform external reflection color, independent of theswitching state of the functional element, is obtained. The color, whichcan be adjusted by the refractive index n_(R) and the thickness d of thereflection layer 2, is also independent of the observation angle. Thecolor has, consequently, for a moving observer, no changes depending onthe observation position. The reflection layer 2 also includes only asingle layer such that the glazing is simple and economical to produce.These are major advantages of the invention.

FIG. 2 depicts a cross-section through another embodiment of the glazingaccording to the invention having switchable optical properties. Thesubstrate 1 is bonded to the outer surface (III) of a cover pane 4 viaits inner surface (II) by means of a thermoplastic intermediate layer 5.The inner surface (IV) of the cover pane 4 is bonded to another pane 6via a second thermoplastic intermediate layer 12. The substrate 1, thecover pane 4, and the thermoplastic intermediate layer 5 are configuredas in FIG. 1. The second thermoplastic intermediate layer 12 is made ofPVB and has a thickness of 0.76 mm.

A functional element 3 is arranged on the inner surface (IV) of thecover pane 4. The functional element 3 is a thermochromic layer made ofdoped VO₂. The functional element 3 is thermally switchable: VO₂ changesupon exceeding a temperature of roughly 68° C. from a semi-conductivestate with high transmittance of visible light to a conductive statewith reduced transmittance of visible light. The temperature of thetransition between the switching states can be reduced by dopants, forexample, tungsten, for example, to roughly 29° C.

A reflection layer 2 made of zirconium oxide (ZrO₂) with a thickness dof 200 nm is arranged on the outer surface (I) of the substrate 1. Therefractive index n_(R) of the zirconium oxide is roughly 2.22. Theproduct of the refractive index n_(R) and the thickness d of thereflection layer 2 is 444 nm. A golden color of the light reflected intothe external environment is obtained by means of the reflection layer 2in this embodiment.

The thermochromic material can, alternatively, also be incorporated, forexample, into one of the thermoplastic intermediate layers 5, 12, whichwould then form the switchable functional element 3.

FIG. 3 depicts a cross-section through another embodiment of the glazingaccording to the invention having switchable optical properties. Thesubstrate 1 is bonded to the outer surface (Ill) of the cover pane 4 viaits inner surface (II) by means of a thermoplastic intermediate layer 5.The substrate 1 and the cover pane 4 are configured as in FIG. 1. Thethermoplastic intermediate layer 5 comprises a first thermoplastic film5.1 and a second thermoplastic film 5.2. The thermoplastic films 5.1 and5.2 are made of PVB and have, in each case, a thickness of 0.76 mm.

A functional element 3 is arranged between the first thermoplastic film5.1 and the second thermoplastic film 5.2. The functional element 3 isarranged, in the context of the invention, in the thermoplasticintermediate layer 5. The region around the functional element 3identified by the circle is shown enlarged on the right. The functionalelement 3 is a PDLC functional element and comprises a functional layer11 between a first flat electrode 9 and a second flat electrode 10. Theflat electrodes 9,10 are connected via conductors (not shown) to anexternal power supply. The functional layer 11 contains liquid crystalsthat are embedded in a polymeric network. When a voltage is applied tothe flat electrodes 9,10, the liquid crystals align themselves along acommon direction and the transmittance of visible light through thefunctional layer 11 is increased.

A reflection layer 2 made of tin oxide (SnO₂) with a thickness d ofroughly 165 nm is arranged on the inner surface (II) of the substrate 1.The refractive index n_(R) of the tin oxide is roughly 2.00. The productof the refractive index n_(R) and the thickness d of the reflectionlayer 2 is roughly 330 nm. A blue color of the light reflected into theexternal environment is obtained by means of the reflection layer 2.

FIG. 4 depicts a cross-section through another embodiment of the glazingaccording to the invention having switchable optical properties. Areflection layer 2 is arranged on the outer surface (I) of the substrate1. A functional element 3 is arranged on the inner surface (II) of thesubstrate 1. The region around the functional element 3 identified bythe circle is shown enlarged on the right.

The reflection layer 2 made of indium tin oxide (ITO) has a thickness dof 145 nm. The refractive index n_(R) of the indium tin oxide is 1.92.The product of the refractive index n_(R) and the thickness d of thereflection layer 2 is roughly 278 nm. A violet color of the lightreflected into the external environment is obtained by means of thereflection layer 2 in this embodiment.

The substrate 1 is bonded, via its inner surface (II) by means of acircumferential spacer 7 to another pane 6 to form an insulating glazingunit. A heat protection coating 8 is arranged on the surface of theother pane 6 turned toward the substrate 1. Heat protection coatings(also referred to as low-E coatings) are known per se and improve thethermal comfort in the interior. Such heat protection coatings include,for example, functional layers based on silver, which reflect parts ofthe solar radiation in the summer, in particular in the IR range, andreduce the emission of thermal radiation via the glazing in the winter.

FIG. 5 depicts a cross-section through another embodiment of the glazingaccording to the invention having switchable optical properties. Thesubstrate 1 is bonded via its inner surface (II) by means of acircumferential spacer 7 to the outer surface (III) of a cover pane 4.The substrate 1 and the cover pane 4 are configured as in FIG. 1.

A thermochromic functional element 3 is arranged on the outer surface(III) of the cover pane 4. A reflection layer 2 is arranged on the outersurface (I) of the substrate 1. The functional element 3 and thereflection layer 2 are configured as in FIG. 2.

FIG. 6 depicts a cross-section through another embodiment of the glazingaccording to the invention having switchable optical properties. Thesubstrate 1 is bonded via its inner surface (II) to the outer surface(III) of a cover pane 4. A functional element 3 is arranged between thesubstrate 1 and the cover pane 4. The functional element 3 is arrangedon the inner surface (II) of the substrate 1 and the outer surface (III)of the cover pane 4 such that the substrate 1 and the cover pane 4 arebonded via the functional element 3. The region around the functionalelement 3 identified by the circle is shown enlarged on the right. Thefunctional element 3 is an electrically switchable functional elementand includes a functional layer 11 between a first flat electrode 9 anda second flat electrode 10, with the first flat electrode 9 applied onthe outer surface (III) and the second flat electrode applied on theinner surface (II). The flat electrodes 9,10 are connected viaconductors (not shown) to an external power supply. A reflection layer 2is arranged on the outer surface (I) of the substrate 1.

FIG. 7 depicts an exemplary embodiment of the method according to theinvention for producing a glazing having switchable optical properties.

The bonding of the cover pane and the substrate can also be done, in analternative embodiment, via at least one spacer.

FIG. 8 depicts another exemplary embodiment of the method according tothe invention for producing a glazing having switchable opticalproperties.

It was unexpected and surprising for the person skilled in the art that,by means of the reflection layer according to the invention, which issimple and economical to apply, effective regulation of the externalreflection color of a glazing having switchable optical properties canbe obtained. The external reflection color is independent of theswitching state of the glazing and of the observation angle and can befreely selected by the choice of the material and the thickness of thereflection layer.

LIST OF REFERENCE CHARACTERS

-   (1) transparent substrate-   (2) reflection layer-   (3) switchable functional element-   (4) transparent cover pane-   (5) thermoplastic intermediate layer-   (5.2) first thermoplastic film-   (5.2) second thermoplastic film-   (6) other pane-   (7) spacer-   (8) heat protection coating-   (9) first flat electrode of the functional element 3-   (10) second flat electrode of the functional element 3-   (11) functional layer of the functional element 3-   (12) second thermoplastic intermediate layer-   (13) ion storage layer of the functional element 3-   (14) electrolytic layer of the functional element 3-   I outer surface of the transparent substrate 1-   II inner surface of the transparent substrate 1-   III outer surface of the cover pane 4-   IV inner surface of the cover pane 4

What is claimed is:
 1. A glazing having switchable optical properties,comprising: a transparent substrate having an outer surface and an innersurface; a reflection layer on the outer surface and/or on the innersurface; and a switchable functional element arranged on the interiorside relative to the reflection layer, wherein the functional element isan electrochromic, a thermochromic, a gasochromic, a photochromic, aphotoelectrochromic, a thermotropic, a PDLC or an SPD functionalelement, wherein the reflection layer contains a material having arefractive index n_(R), wherein the product of the refractive indexn_(R) and a thickness d of the reflection layer is from 250 nm to 960nm, and wherein the reflection layer is a single and homogeneous layerso that the reflection is not a layer structure of individual layers. 2.The glazing according to claim 1, wherein the refractive index ismeasured at a wavelength of 550 nm.
 3. The glazing according to claim 1,wherein the substrate is bonded to a transparent cover pane having anouter surface and an inner surface via the inner surface by means of atleast one thermoplastic intermediate layer, and wherein the functionalelement is arranged on the outer surface, on the inner surface, or inthe thermoplastic intermediate layer.
 4. The glazing according to claim1, wherein the substrate is bonded to a transparent cover pane having anouter surface and an inner surface via the inner surface by means of atleast one spacer, and wherein the functional element is arranged on theouter surface or on the inner surface.
 5. The glazing according to claim1, wherein the reflection layer is arranged on the outer surface and thefunctional element is arranged on the inner surface.
 6. The glazingaccording to claim 1, wherein the reflection layer contains at leastsilicon nitride, tin oxide, silicon oxynitride, zinc oxide, zirconiumoxide, aluminum nitride, indium tin oxide, tin zinc oxide, titanium zincoxide, and/or titanium silicon oxide.
 7. The glazing according to claim1, wherein the product of the refractive index n_(R) and the thickness dof the reflection layer is from 365 nm to 400 nm, or from 730 nm to 800nm.
 8. The glazing according to claim 7, wherein the product of therefractive index n_(R) and the thickness d of the reflection layer isfrom 375 nm to 390 nm.
 9. The glazing according to claim 7, wherein theproduct of the refractive index n_(R) and the thickness d of thereflection layer is from 750 nm to 780 nm.
 10. The glazing according toclaim 1, wherein the product of the refractive index n_(R) and thethickness d of the reflection layer is from 435 nm to 480 nm, or from870 nm to 960 nm.
 11. The glazing according to claim 10, wherein theproduct of the refractive index n_(R) and the thickness d of thereflection layer is from 440 nm to 475 nm.
 12. The glazing according toclaim 10, wherein the product of the refractive index n_(R) and thethickness d of the reflection layer is from 880 nm to 950 nm.
 13. Theglazing according to claim 1, wherein the product of the refractiveindex n_(R) and the thickness d of the reflection layer is from 305 nmto 365 nm, or from 610 nm to 730 nm.
 14. The glazing according to claim13, wherein the product of the refractive index n_(R) and the thicknessd of the reflection layer is from 320 nm to 345 nm.
 15. The glazingaccording to claim 13, wherein the product of the refractive index n_(R)and the thickness d of the reflection layer is from 640 nm to 690 nm.16. The glazing according to claim 1, wherein the product of therefractive index n_(R) and the thickness d of the reflection layer isfrom 250 nm to 300 nm, or from 500 nm to 600 nm.
 17. The glazingaccording to claim 16, wherein the product of the refractive index n_(R)and the thickness d of the reflection layer is from 270 nm to 285 nm.18. The glazing according to claim 16, wherein the product of therefractive index n_(R) and the thickness d of the reflection layer isfrom 540 nm to 570 nm.
 19. The glazing according to claim 1, wherein thesubstrate contains non-prestressed, partially prestressed, orprestressed glass, or clear plastics and/or mixtures thereof.
 20. Theglazing according to claim 19, wherein the substrate contains flatglass, float glass, quartz glass, borosilicate glass, or soda limeglass.
 21. The glazing according to claim 19, wherein the substratecontains polyethylene, polypropylene, polycarbonate, polymethylmethacrylate, polystyrene, polyamide, polyester, or polyvinyl chloride.22. The glazing according to claim 19, wherein the substrate has athickness from 20 μm to 10 mm.
 23. A method, comprising: providing thereflection layer in the glazing according to claim 1; selecting arefractive index n_(R) and selecting a thickness d, wherein the productof the refractive index n_(R) and the thickness d of the reflectionlayer is from 250 nm to 960 nm; and thereby controlling the externalreflection color.
 24. The method of claim 23, wherein the refractiveindex n_(R) ranges from 1.6 to 2.55.
 25. A method for producing aglazing having switchable optical properties, comprising: providing atransparent substrate having an outer surface and an inner surface, areflection layer on the outer surface and/or on the inner surface, and aswitchable functional element arranged on the interior side relative tothe reflection layer, wherein the functional element is anelectrochromic, a thermochromic, a gasochromic, a photochromic, aphotoelectrochromic, a thermotropic, a PDLC, or an SPD functionalelement, wherein the reflection layer contains a material having arefractive index, wherein the product of a refractive index n_(R) and athickness d of the reflection layer is from 250 nm to 960 nm, andwherein the reflection layer is a single and homogeneous layer so thatthe reflection is not a layer structure of individual layers; applyingthe reflection layer on the outer surface or on the inner surface of thetransparent substrate; applying the switchable functional element on theouter surface or on the inner surface of a transparent cover pane orincorporating the switchable functional element into a thermoplasticintermediate layer; and bonding the transparent substrate to thetransparent cover pane via the thermoplastic intermediate layer underthe action of heat, vacuum, and/or pressure.
 26. A method for producinga glazing having switchable optical properties, comprising: providing atransparent substrate having an outer surface and an inner surface, areflection layer on the outer surface and/or on the inner surface, and aswitchable functional element arranged on the interior side relative tothe reflection layer, wherein the functional element is anelectrochromic, a thermochromic, a gasochromic, a photochromic, aphotoelectrochromic, a thermotropic, a PDLC, or an SPD functionalelement, wherein the reflection layer contains a material having arefractive index n_(R), wherein the product of the refractive indexn_(R) and the thickness d of the reflection layer is from 250 nm to 960nm, and wherein the reflection layer is a single and homogeneous layerso that the reflection is not a layer structure of individual layers;applying the reflection layer on the outer surface or on the innersurface of the transparent substrate; applying the switchable functionalelement on the outer surface or on the inner surface of a transparentcover pane; and bonding the transparent substrate to the transparentcover pane via at least one spacer.
 27. A method for producing a glazinghaving switchable optical properties, comprising: providing atransparent substrate having an outer surface and an inner surface, areflection layer on the outer surface and/or on the inner surface, and aswitchable functional element arranged on the interior side relative tothe reflection layer, wherein the functional element is anelectrochromic, a thermochromic, a gasochromic, a photochromic, aphotoelectrochromic, a thermotropic, a PDLC, or an SPD functionalelement, wherein the reflection layer contains a material having arefractive index n_(R), wherein the product of the refractive indexn_(R) and a thickness d of the reflection layer is from 250 nm to 960nm, and wherein the reflection layer is a single and homogeneous layerso that the reflection is not a layer structure of individual layers;applying the reflection layer on the outer surface of the transparentsubstrate; and applying the switchable functional element on the innersurface of the transparent substrate.